Common Sunda Toad

Distribution

Vietnam, Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, the Philippines.

New records and an updated checklist of the herpetofauna from Tay Yen Tu Nature Reserve, north-eastern Vietnam

Notes

Distribution in Tay Yen Tu Nature Reserve, Bac Giang Province (Hecht et al. 2013).

New records and an updated checklist of the herpetofauna from Tay Yen Tu Nature Reserve, north-eastern Vietnam

Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider 1799)

Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799) Fig. 3 Common names. (E) Black-spined Toad, Common Asian Toad, Common Sunda Toad. (T) Manduku Interfet (manduku = frog, INTERFET = International Force for East Timor; see below). Identification. This toad can be recognized by its stout body, dry and warty skin, and by the distinct pattern of bony ridges (cranial crests) on the head. The shape and color of these ridges are characters useful for distinguishing among different toad species. In Duttaphrynus melanostictus they are of varying thickness and include a canthal ridge, supralabial ridge, and a series of ridges framing the eye (preorbital, supraorbital, postorbital, and orbito-tympanic ridges; Fig. 3). The tops of these ridges are usually black. A second important and useful characteristic to differentiate between toad species is the size and shape of the large parotoid gland (sometimes also described as a “poison” gland) on either side of the head. In Duttaphrynus melanostictus this gland is elongate and about 2½ -3 times the size of the eye (Fig. 3). This species of toad also usually has several protruding wart-like skin glands on its back behind its head in addition to

The herpetofauna of Timor-Leste: a first report

description

Description. The vertebra is large, wider than long, with a centrum that is procoelous and slightly dorsoventrally compressed. The neural canal is larger than both cotyle and condyle. The walls of the neural arch are robustly built, bearing a low but distinct carina neuralis. The prezygapophyses and postzygapophyses are dorsally elevated and extend laterally. A single transverse process is preserved and extends distally.

First fossil frog and snake assemblage from southern Taiwan: a window into Pleistocene herpetofauna and palaeoenvironments in subtropical East Asia