Rhinella mirandaribeiroi

description

Males vocalize after rains at night in shallow puddles at the edge of shallow streams, lakes, or in areas of low and sparse vegetation near pasture or cultivated fields. The calls are composed of a sequence of approximately 153 notes with a duration of around 5 seconds, emitted at a rate of 4 calls per minute and 28 notes per second. The calls reach maximum amplitude rapidly and remain constant until the end (Figure 5). The notes have a duration of about 25 ms and contain 4 to 5 pulses per note. The dominant frequency is around 2795 Hz. Molecular Analyses Considering a 614 - base pair sequences of the mitochondrial 16 S rRNA fragment, the topotypes exhibit low genetic distance in comparison to the Cerrado populations (uncorrected distance of 1.43 – 1.89 %). The intraspecific genetic distance was on average 0.06 for the Cerrado populations and 0.02 for the topotypes.

The identity of Rhinella mirandaribeiroi (Gallardo, 1965) (Anura: Bufonidae) and its diagnosis in relation to Rhinella granulosa (Spix, 1824)

description

Morphologic and Morphometric Morphometric variable values can be found in Table 1. The topotypes of R. mirandaribeiroi are morphologically similar to B. g. lutzi and other specimens from the Cerrado, and they can be diagnosed from most species in the group by: granular or continuous cranial crests, low supraorbital crest, infraorbital crest extending usually beyond the postorbital crest, generally discontinuous reduced maxillary crest, and absence of a parietal crest (Figures 1 – 2). Loreal region clearly visible in dorsal view, tympanum very close to the postorbital crest (DTP 0.4 – 1.0 % CRC), a usually present clear longitudinal vertebral line, and a light cream or yellowish ventral side, with or without pigmentation. Neither morphological nor morphometric characters allowed for the diagnosis between populations. Acoustics We found conserved parameters of call features among samples. All evaluated specimens have advertisement calls consisting of regular series of pulsed notes (trills) that can last up to 11 seconds. The call has ascending amplitude modulation, with the initial notes generally having low amplitude and then quickly reaching the maximum, which is maintained up the

The identity of Rhinella mirandaribeiroi (Gallardo, 1965) (Anura: Bufonidae) and its diagnosis in relation to Rhinella granulosa (Spix, 1824)

description

Morphometrics and Morphology Both species share the following morphological features: 1) granular or continuous cranial crests; 2) low supraorbital crest; 3) infraorbital extending usually beyond the postorbital crest; 4) typically reduced and discontinuous maxillary crest; 5) absent parietal crest; 6) visible loreal region in dorsal view; and 7) light cream or yellowish ventral coloration with or without pigmentation. However, a clear dorsal vertebral line is present in 95 % of the individuals from the Cerrado (R. mirandaribeiroi) and only in 5 % from the Caatinga and Mata Atlântica (R. granulosa) (Figure 1, 2). Overall, the morphometric variables were similar between the two species (Table 3). Molecular Analyses Both species showed expressive genetic divergences (3.8 – 6.1 %) in the mitochondrial fragment. The intraspecific genetic distance was on average 0.09 for R. mirandaribeiroi and 0.06 for R. granulosa. Acoustics We found conserved call parameter features between the two species. The advertisement call of R. granulosa consists of a sequence of approximately 170 notes and lasts about 5 seconds, emitted at a rate of 5 calls per minute with 32 notes per second. The notes had a

The identity of Rhinella mirandaribeiroi (Gallardo, 1965) (Anura: Bufonidae) and its diagnosis in relation to Rhinella granulosa (Spix, 1824)